{
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-06",
  "scope": "Attacks in the United States since January 2023 clearing either of two gates, recorded per row in inclusionBasis: the perpetrator's Islamist, jihadist or pro-Palestinian motive is documented, or the act was an attack on Jews or Jewish institutions with a documented antisemitic motive. The tier field is the evidence axis: \"documented\" rows carry two on-record sources and a named perpetrator, \"recorded\" rows exist only in an advocacy tracker's log and name nobody. Counts only — this dataset never supports a rate or a share, because its denominator is not observed.",
  "windowStart": "2023-01-01",
  "researchCutoff": "2026-08-06",
  "total": 28,
  "knownUndercount": true,
  "undercountReason": "Documented rows are hand-verified against charging documents and reporting, so incidents that never drew a document or a report are missed. Recorded rows come from an advocacy tracker whose own publication lags by months, and whose log covers antisemitic incidents rather than every attack in scope. Recent months undercount on both tiers because charging, reporting and tracker publication all lag the act. The error direction is known and downward.",
  "firstDate": "2023-10-25",
  "lastDate": "2026-07-23",
  "killed": 22,
  "injured": 82,
  "byYear": {
    "2023": 2,
    "2024": 9,
    "2025": 11,
    "2026": 6
  },
  "byState": {
    "CA": 3,
    "NY": 12,
    "PA": 2,
    "OK": 1,
    "IL": 1,
    "LA": 1,
    "NJ": 1,
    "MI": 2,
    "DC": 2,
    "CO": 1,
    "TX": 1,
    "VA": 1
  },
  "byAct": {
    "violent-attempt": 3,
    "injury": 12,
    "arson-explosive": 2,
    "plot": 4,
    "fatal": 6,
    "destruction": 1
  },
  "byMotiveBasis": {
    "pro-palestinian": 7,
    "islamist": 7,
    "antisemitic": 5,
    "jihadist": 9
  },
  "byInclusionBasis": {
    "both": 12,
    "perpetrator-motive": 11,
    "antisemitic-target": 5
  },
  "byTier": {
    "documented": 28
  },
  "byAttribution": {
    "1": 2,
    "2": 1,
    "3": 14,
    "4": 11
  },
  "byActByAttribution": {
    "violent-attempt": {
      "3": 2,
      "4": 1
    },
    "injury": {
      "3": 10,
      "4": 2
    },
    "arson-explosive": {
      "1": 1,
      "4": 1
    },
    "plot": {
      "4": 4
    },
    "fatal": {
      "1": 1,
      "2": 1,
      "3": 1,
      "4": 3
    },
    "destruction": {
      "3": 1
    }
  },
  "actClasses": [
    {
      "id": "fatal",
      "rank": 6,
      "label": "Murdered",
      "rule": "One or more victims murdered."
    },
    {
      "id": "injury",
      "rank": 5,
      "label": "Struck or injured",
      "rule": "Victims physically struck or injured, none killed. A blow that lands counts here even where no medical injury is recorded."
    },
    {
      "id": "violent-attempt",
      "rank": 4,
      "label": "Attempted",
      "rule": "Violence directed at persons that did not connect — shots missed, a device failed, an attack repelled."
    },
    {
      "id": "threat-harassment",
      "rank": 3,
      "label": "Threatened or harassed",
      "rule": "Threats, menacing, stalking or harassment directed at identifiable people, with no blow landed. Graffiti, posters and rallies are aimed at nobody in particular and are not this."
    },
    {
      "id": "arson-explosive",
      "rank": 2,
      "label": "Arson or explosive",
      "rule": "Fire, firebomb or explosive against property."
    },
    {
      "id": "destruction",
      "rank": 1,
      "label": "Destruction",
      "rule": "Forcible destruction of property without fire."
    },
    {
      "id": "plot",
      "rank": 0,
      "label": "Plot disrupted",
      "rule": "Interdicted before execution."
    }
  ],
  "inclusionGates": [
    {
      "id": "perpetrator-motive",
      "label": "Perpetrator's motive documented",
      "standard": "The perpetrator's Islamist, jihadist or pro-Palestinian motive is documented at attribution level 1 or above. The target may be anyone — Bourbon Street revellers, an Army base, police."
    },
    {
      "id": "antisemitic-target",
      "label": "Attack on Jews, antisemitic motive documented",
      "standard": "An attack on Jews or Jewish institutions where the antisemitic motive is documented — a hate-crime count, a slur at the scene, or target selection recorded in a filed document. The perpetrator's wider ideology is not required."
    },
    {
      "id": "both",
      "label": "Both gates",
      "standard": "An attack on Jews or Jewish institutions by a perpetrator whose Islamist or pro-Palestinian motive is separately documented."
    }
  ],
  "tiers": [
    {
      "id": "documented",
      "label": "Documented",
      "standard": "Two or more on-record sources, a named perpetrator, and motive attribution at level 1 or above. Every claim in the row traces to a primary, court or news document."
    },
    {
      "id": "recorded",
      "label": "Recorded, not documented",
      "standard": "Logged by an advocacy tracker with a date, a place and a description, but no filed document and no independent report was found. Ships at attribution level 0, names nobody, and is drawn as a weaker mark. It is evidence that an incident was reported, never that a named person did it."
    }
  ],
  "attributionStandards": [
    {
      "level": 4,
      "label": "Federal terrorism charge or conviction",
      "standard": "Charged or convicted under a terrorism statute (18 U.S.C. 2339A/B material support, 2332b, a state or D.C. terrorism count, or a terrorism sentencing enhancement), or the FBI publicly designated the act as terrorism. Backed by a DOJ, U.S. Attorney or FBI document."
    },
    {
      "level": 3,
      "label": "Charging document states the motive",
      "standard": "A filed indictment, criminal complaint or prosecutor's press release names the Islamist, jihadist or pro-Palestinian motive — a hate-crime count or the motive recited in the affidavit. No terrorism statute."
    },
    {
      "level": 2,
      "label": "Perpetrator's own documented claim",
      "standard": "The perpetrator's statement — shouted at the scene, written in a manifesto, posted online, or made in court — states the motive, quoted in a court record or mainstream report. No terror or hate charge."
    },
    {
      "level": 1,
      "label": "Official attribution without a charging document",
      "standard": "Police, the FBI or a named official publicly described the act as ideologically motivated, but no filed document says so and the perpetrator has not claimed it. Covers perpetrators killed in the act."
    },
    {
      "level": 0,
      "label": "Tracker-logged only",
      "standard": "Motive asserted by an advocacy tracker's own log, with no official statement, no filed document and no perpetrator statement. Ships only as a tier-\"recorded\" row, which names nobody and is drawn as a weaker mark."
    }
  ],
  "rejected": {
    "total": 11,
    "byReason": {
      "out-of-scope": 4,
      "motive-not-in-scope": 5,
      "not-violent": 1,
      "support-not-attack": 1
    }
  },
  "coverage": [
    {
      "id": "fbi-press",
      "label": "FBI national press releases",
      "role": "verification",
      "lastScanned": "2026-07-31",
      "coverageThrough": null,
      "recheckOn": "2026-08-31",
      "note": "Not yet scanned. fbi.gov returns 403 to automated fetchers even with a browser user agent, and the browser extension could not parse the page either. Needed for incidents where the perpetrator was killed in the act and never charged, which is where DOJ has no release."
    },
    {
      "id": "adl-heat-manual",
      "label": "ADL H.E.A.T. Map",
      "role": "lead",
      "lastScanned": null,
      "coverageThrough": null,
      "recheckOn": "2026-08-31",
      "note": "Manual only. The data is a Flourish embed under restrictive terms of use and carries no citation per incident, so it can suggest a candidate but can never source a row."
    },
    {
      "id": "doj-news-api",
      "label": "U.S. Department of Justice press releases",
      "role": "verification",
      "lastScanned": "2026-07-31",
      "coverageThrough": "2026-07-31",
      "newLeads": 0,
      "lastEmptyScan": null,
      "recheckOn": "2026-08-31",
      "note": "Scan failed: fetch failed"
    }
  ],
  "ids": [
    "2023-10-25-ca-los-angeles-studio-city-home-invasion",
    "2023-12-07-ny-albany-temple-israel",
    "2024-04-15-ny-manhattan-nyse-assault",
    "2024-06-01-ca-berkeley-uc-firebombing",
    "2024-08-10-ny-brooklyn-crown-heights-stabbing",
    "2024-08-29-ny-yonkers-barbershop-assault",
    "2024-09-04-ny-brooklyn-jewish-center-plot",
    "2024-09-27-pa-pittsburgh-oakland-assault",
    "2024-10-08-ok-oklahoma-city-election-day-plot",
    "2024-10-26-il-chicago-west-ridge-shooting",
    "2024-12-09-ny-manhattan-campus-assault",
    "2025-01-01-la-new-orleans-bourbon-street",
    "2025-01-06-ny-manhattan-first-avenue-assault",
    "2025-02-07-ny-manhattan-third-avenue-assault",
    "2025-03-21-nj-florence-officer-attack",
    "2025-04-13-pa-harrisburg-governors-residence-arson",
    "2025-05-13-mi-warren-tacom-plot",
    "2025-05-21-dc-capital-jewish-museum",
    "2025-06-01-co-boulder-pearl-street",
    "2025-06-24-ca-stockton-isis-support",
    "2025-10-27-ny-manhattan-west-38th-street-assault",
    "2025-11-26-dc-farragut-west-national-guard",
    "2026-01-28-ny-brooklyn-chabad-headquarters-ramming",
    "2026-03-01-tx-austin-west-sixth-street",
    "2026-03-07-ny-manhattan-gracie-mansion",
    "2026-03-12-mi-west-bloomfield-temple-israel",
    "2026-03-12-va-norfolk-odu-rotc",
    "2026-07-23-ny-manhattan-upper-west-side-stabbings"
  ]
}